![]() When two sinusoidal tones with a slight frequency mismatch (i.e. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exist. Pereda acknowledges the financial support of the Spanish MINECO (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and MEC (Ministry of Science and Technology) under grants TEC2012-38453-C04-03 and PRX12/00564, respectively. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All data are contained within the paper.įunding: E. Received: JAccepted: Published: June 12, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Ioannou et al. PLoS ONE 10(6):Īcademic Editor: Blake Johnson, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), AUSTRALIA ![]() Altogether these results provide a neurophysiological account of cortical responses to BB stimulation at varying frequencies, and demonstrate a modulation of cortico-cortical connectivity in musicians' brains, and further suggest a kind of neuronal entrainment of a linear and nonlinear relationship to the beating frequencies.Ĭitation: Ioannou CI, Pereda E, Lindsen JP, Bhattacharya J (2015) Electrical Brain Responses to an Auditory Illusion and the Impact of Musical Expertise. Further, processing of low frequency (delta, theta, alpha) binaural beats had significant impact on cortical network patterns in the alpha band oscillations. We found that beat frequencies belonging to alpha band produced the most significant steady-state responses across groups. Finally, these measures were used to characterize the degree of centrality, segregation and integration of the functional brain network. We focused our analysis on alpha and gamma band EEG signals, and they were analysed in terms of spectral power, and functional connectivity as measured by two phase synchrony based measures, phase locking value and phase lag index. In this study, we analysed EEG brain responses from two groups, musicians and non-musicians, when stimulated by short presentation (1 min) of binaural beats with beat frequency varying from 1 Hz to 48 Hz. Further, no studies have examined the impact of musical training associated with BB stimulation, yet musicians' brains are often associated with enhanced auditory processing. The effect of brief BB stimulation on scalp EEG is not conclusively demonstrated. In addition to offering an explanation for cochlear distortion products, our results suggest that the mechanical properties of hair bundles significantly influence the basilar membrane's motion.The presentation of two sinusoidal tones, one to each ear, with a slight frequency mismatch yields an auditory illusion of a beating frequency equal to the frequency difference between the two tones this is known as binaural beat (BB). Here we demonstrate distortion products in individual hair cells of the bullfrog's sacculus, where they emerge from a nonlinearity inherent in the mechanoelectrical transduction process. Distortion products originate within the cochlea, where they manifest themselves in the basilar membrane's vibration. Discovered by Tartini early in the eighteenth century, these illusory sounds are sufficiently conspicuous that they were employed to carry melodies in classical compositions. Prominent among these are distortion products: when listening to two tones, one of frequency f1 and the second of a higher frequency f2, an individual may hear not only these primary tones, but also a difference tone of frequency f2 - f1, a sum tone of frequency f2 + f1, and combination tones of frequencies such as 2f1 - f2 and 2f2 - f1. Like our other senses, the auditory system can produce illusions.
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